Naturalization is the process by which a lawful permanent resident becomes a U.S. citizen. Requirements are set by federal law and applied by U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services.
General requirements
- Being at least 18 and a lawful permanent resident for the required period.
- Continuous residence and physical presence in the United States.
- Good moral character.
- Knowledge of English and U.S. civics, with some exceptions.
- Attachment to the principles of the Constitution.
Process
- Check eligibility on the official USCIS site.
- File the application with the fee or a fee waiver where eligible.
- Attend a biometrics appointment.
- Take an interview with English and civics tests.
- Receive a decision, then take the Oath of Allegiance if approved.
Common issues
- Criminal history can affect eligibility.
- Long trips abroad may break continuous residence.
- Unpaid taxes or child support can be problems.
- Selective Service registration for men in a certain age range.
Get help
Many nonprofits help with citizenship applications for free or low cost. Consult an immigration attorney if you have a criminal record or complex history.
Frequently asked questions
Can I lose my green card by applying?
In rare cases a problem could be revealed, so get advice if you have concerns.
Do I need a lawyer?
Not always, but it is wise if your case is complicated.