There are several ways to reduce the impact of a criminal record. Which ones are available depends on the offense, the jurisdiction and how much time has passed.
Pardon
A pardon is an act of forgiveness by a governor or the president that can restore some rights. It does not necessarily erase the conviction, but it can help with employment and licensing. Federal pardons apply to federal crimes and state pardons to state crimes.
Commutation
A commutation reduces a sentence but does not erase the conviction.
Expungement and sealing
Court-based processes can seal or erase records for eligible offenses after waiting periods. Rules differ widely. See our guide to expungement and record sealing.
Other options
- Certificates of rehabilitation or relief in some states.
- Restoration of voting or firearm rights through state processes.
- Reduction of a felony to a misdemeanor.
- Fair chance hiring laws that limit use of records.
Frequently asked questions
How do I apply for a pardon?
Through the governor's office or a state board for state crimes, or the Office of the Pardon Attorney for federal crimes.
Does a pardon restore gun rights?
Not always, so check the specific order and law.