Many people represent themselves, called appearing pro se. Courts generally hold you to the same rules as lawyers, but preparation can make a big difference.
Before your hearing
- Read the court's self-help guide and local rules.
- Make a timeline of events.
- Organize evidence with copies for the judge and the other side.
- Write down your key points and the outcome you want.
- Visit the courtroom ahead of time if you can.
In the courtroom
- Arrive early and dress neatly.
- Address the judge respectfully.
- Speak only when it is your turn.
- Stick to facts and avoid arguing with the other side.
- Ask the judge to explain a procedure if you do not understand.
Common mistakes
- Missing deadlines.
- Bringing no evidence.
- Telling the story without tying it to what the court can decide.
- Not preserving objections.
- Ignoring court orders.
Get limited help
You can consult a lawyer for part of a case, called limited scope representation. Many courts have self-help centers and legal aid clinics. Judges and clerks cannot give legal advice, but they can explain procedures. See our guide to finding free legal help.
Frequently asked questions
Will the judge help me?
Judges are neutral and must treat both sides equally, though some are patient with self-represented parties.
What if I cannot afford a lawyer?
Try legal aid, law school clinics and bar referral services.